Indonesia's marine waters can be distinguished three kinds:a. Territorial Sea Zone, is an imaginary line within 12 nautical miles from the baseline to the high seas. If
there are two or more countries to master the ocean, while the width of
the ocean is less than 24 nautical miles, then pull the line in the
same territory far from the respective countries. The sea that lies between the lines of the territorial boundary called the territorial sea. The sea is next to the sea is called internal baseline. Base line is an imaginary line connecting points of the ends of the island. A
fully sovereign state has the right to the territorial sea, but it has
its duty to provide traffic flow peacefully shipping both above and
below sea level. The
announcement of the government's territorial waters Indonesia issued on
December 13, 1957 the famous Declaration Djuanda and then amplified by
Act 4 Prp. 1960.b. Continental Shelf Zone, is geologically seabed morphology and is a continuation of a continent (continent). Sea depths less than 150 meters. Indonesia lies in two continental shelf, the continental shelf continental shelf of Asia and Australia. The limit of the continental shelf is measured from the base line, which is the most distant 200 nautical miles. If
there are two or more countries to master the seas above continental
shelf, the frontiers drawn equidistant from baseline in each country. For
example, in the Malacca Strait, continental shelf boundary coincides
with the territorial sea, because the distance between the two countries
in which it is less than 24 nautical miles. In
the Malacca Strait north, the continental shelf boundary between
Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia met near the coordinate point 98 ° E
and 6 ° N. Within
the boundaries of the continental shelf, Indonesia has the authority to
utilize the natural resources that exist in it, with the obligation to
provide a flow of innocent passage cruise. Notice on the continental shelf boundary was issued by the Government of Indonesia on 17 February 1969.c. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), is a sea lane width 200 nautical miles to the open sea is measured from the baseline. In the exclusive economic zone, Indonesia got the first opportunity in exploiting marine resources. In
the exclusive economic zone of freedom cruise and cabling and pipes
under the sea continues to be recognized in accordance with the
principles of International Law of the Sea, the boundary of the
continental shelf and exclusive economic zone boundary between the two
neighboring countries overlap, then set the line- line connecting points equidistant from baseline between the two countries as a limit.
»» READMORE...
Tampilkan postingan dengan label Pribadi. Tampilkan semua postingan
Tampilkan postingan dengan label Pribadi. Tampilkan semua postingan
Jumat, 30 November 2012
Cause of the war in gaza
All that can be d explain that kmu know the history and the history of the JewsThis conflict is a protracted conflict that has lasted more than 60 years diving.
in the eye of the beginning of the causes of conflict, the bottom line is seizing the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and East Jerusalem.
Israel is a country founded for Jews.The Jews are a people who do not own land and water dispersed throughout the world d.Because the case Holocoust that Jews experienced in Nazi Germany, d decided to provide a place for Jews to live.
After going through a lengthy process finally in 1948, the Jews proclaimed the State of Israel. With this independence, the ideals of the Jewish people are scattered in various parts of the world to establish their own state, is reached. By UK they offered to pick the Argentina, Uganda, or the Palestinians to live in, but Mark would prefer the Palestinians. Since the beginning of Israel had not accepted his presence in Palestine, even in areas where they are located. Feeling has a historical attachment to Palestine, they finally came to Palestine berbondong2.
Why Palestine? actual conflict is associated dg religious element, the Jews, are eager to take atao occupy the Mount Zion and the surrounding area (the area Palestine, including Gaza, the West Bank and eastern Jerusalem) which is sacred and d believed by them that the place was holy places of their god .
Dg datangannya Jews to Palestine scr besar2an, dressing occurs expropriation of Palestinians by Jewish settlers. At this time, sporadic resistance of the Palestinian people began to spread.Based on the Sykes Picot agreement of 1915, secretly and unilaterally has put Palestine under British rule. With the enactment of the mandate system of Palestine, Britain opened the door wide for Jewish immigrants and these Palestinians provoke protests.
British action further gave its approval through the Balfour Declaration of 1917 that Jews have a place to stay in Palestine.In 1947 the British mandate over Palestine ended and the United Nations took control. UN Security Council Resolution. 181 (II) of 29 November 1947 divided Palestine into three parts. It received strong protests from the Palestinian population. They held a massive demonstration against the policies of the United Nations. Another case is done with the Jews. With joy they held a celebration of this great victory. Aid of some Arab countries in the form of weaponry flowing into Palestine.
What the Jews in Palestine not win without the support of Britain and America. Thanks to these two major countries eventually be occupied Palestinian Jews forced to go through the process though so long and hard. From 1918 to 1948, about 600,000 Jews allowed to occupy the Palestinian territories.In 1956, the Sinai Desert and the Gaza Strip controlled by Israel after the Islamist movement in the Arab region Audah beaten and Abdul Qadir, Muhammad Firgholi, and Joseph Thol'at directly involved in the war with the Jews in Palestine was executed by the Egyptian regime. And in 1967, all of the Palestinian territories fell into the hands of Israel. The incident happened after the striking of the Islamic Movement and Sayyid Qutb hanged on the very fear of the Jews. In 1977, there was an attack against Lebanon and the Camp David agreement, sponsored by the late Anwar Sadat of Egypt.
Finally, Hamas formed as the organizational form of the Palestinian people who want to release the territory of Israel by hard-line population (d replies eye eye).So, in short, Israel attacked Palestine to expand its territory and get wilayah2 who d wants, including the Gaza Strip.dg spiritual reasons (take back the holy daerah2 MRK) they justify the means even to kill orang2 not guilty.
whereas, even Jerusalem is a holy city for three religions, namely Islam, Christianity and Judaism.by Jewish elites israel, the holy city d make part of the country. In fact, according to the UN International City is a city because it has some religious thdp interests.Today, when we wanted to visit Jerusalem, is very difficult because d tight guard by Israel who have Feeling.
»» READMORE...
in the eye of the beginning of the causes of conflict, the bottom line is seizing the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and East Jerusalem.
Israel is a country founded for Jews.The Jews are a people who do not own land and water dispersed throughout the world d.Because the case Holocoust that Jews experienced in Nazi Germany, d decided to provide a place for Jews to live.
After going through a lengthy process finally in 1948, the Jews proclaimed the State of Israel. With this independence, the ideals of the Jewish people are scattered in various parts of the world to establish their own state, is reached. By UK they offered to pick the Argentina, Uganda, or the Palestinians to live in, but Mark would prefer the Palestinians. Since the beginning of Israel had not accepted his presence in Palestine, even in areas where they are located. Feeling has a historical attachment to Palestine, they finally came to Palestine berbondong2.
Why Palestine? actual conflict is associated dg religious element, the Jews, are eager to take atao occupy the Mount Zion and the surrounding area (the area Palestine, including Gaza, the West Bank and eastern Jerusalem) which is sacred and d believed by them that the place was holy places of their god .
Dg datangannya Jews to Palestine scr besar2an, dressing occurs expropriation of Palestinians by Jewish settlers. At this time, sporadic resistance of the Palestinian people began to spread.Based on the Sykes Picot agreement of 1915, secretly and unilaterally has put Palestine under British rule. With the enactment of the mandate system of Palestine, Britain opened the door wide for Jewish immigrants and these Palestinians provoke protests.
British action further gave its approval through the Balfour Declaration of 1917 that Jews have a place to stay in Palestine.In 1947 the British mandate over Palestine ended and the United Nations took control. UN Security Council Resolution. 181 (II) of 29 November 1947 divided Palestine into three parts. It received strong protests from the Palestinian population. They held a massive demonstration against the policies of the United Nations. Another case is done with the Jews. With joy they held a celebration of this great victory. Aid of some Arab countries in the form of weaponry flowing into Palestine.
What the Jews in Palestine not win without the support of Britain and America. Thanks to these two major countries eventually be occupied Palestinian Jews forced to go through the process though so long and hard. From 1918 to 1948, about 600,000 Jews allowed to occupy the Palestinian territories.In 1956, the Sinai Desert and the Gaza Strip controlled by Israel after the Islamist movement in the Arab region Audah beaten and Abdul Qadir, Muhammad Firgholi, and Joseph Thol'at directly involved in the war with the Jews in Palestine was executed by the Egyptian regime. And in 1967, all of the Palestinian territories fell into the hands of Israel. The incident happened after the striking of the Islamic Movement and Sayyid Qutb hanged on the very fear of the Jews. In 1977, there was an attack against Lebanon and the Camp David agreement, sponsored by the late Anwar Sadat of Egypt.
Finally, Hamas formed as the organizational form of the Palestinian people who want to release the territory of Israel by hard-line population (d replies eye eye).So, in short, Israel attacked Palestine to expand its territory and get wilayah2 who d wants, including the Gaza Strip.dg spiritual reasons (take back the holy daerah2 MRK) they justify the means even to kill orang2 not guilty.
whereas, even Jerusalem is a holy city for three religions, namely Islam, Christianity and Judaism.by Jewish elites israel, the holy city d make part of the country. In fact, according to the UN International City is a city because it has some religious thdp interests.Today, when we wanted to visit Jerusalem, is very difficult because d tight guard by Israel who have Feeling.
History of Palestine
Lately it occurs deep concern on the land of Palestine. Thousands of people were killed in the Israeli attack on Gaza that began on December 27, 2008. The world is turbulent. Some countries strongly oppose Israel even with sever diplomatic relations. The protest against the Israeli attack took place everywhere, including in Indonesia. However, the fighting may break out for several years.
Palestine does have a complicated history. Israel, which is the Jewish nation, the country established on Palestinian land. This led to the present situation develops. To better understand this conflict, so I tried to summarize the history of Palestine from the beginning to the conflict.
Palestine-Israel Region (swaramuslim.com)
Palestine-Israel Region (swaramuslim.com)
This paper is summarized from several sources, namely:
Papers Umar Asasudin, M.A. entitled "The Role of Intellectuals in the Palestinian Liberation Struggle: Historical Approach"
Speech Ikhrimah Shabri (Imam of Masjid Al-Aqhsa Palestine in 1992), entitled "Palestine: History of Struggle, Intifada and Israeli aggression against the Aqsa Mosque".
Papers Dr. Roeslan Abdoelgani entitled "Solidarity Indonesia to Palestine: A Historical Overview"
All three are in the book "Palestine: Solidarity with Political Islam and the New World Governance", with the editor: M Riza Sihbudi & Ahmad Hadi, mold Library Hidayah 1992. This book is cored papers in the seminar "Indonesia Palestinian Friendship Week" January 13 to 18, 1992 in Yogyakarta.
Genesis after 1992 are summarized from:
"Historical Tables Middle East" in the blog "Middle East Studies" by Dina Y. Sulaeman
"The history of establishment of the State of Israel" by Panji Prabowo (Head of ITB GAMAIS 2008-2009) in his blog
Kompas.com news in Israel's war on Palestine.
Happy reading!
***
Palestinian territories originally occupied by several people, the nation and the Philistine Ammonit. Then, around the year 1000 BC, Palestine was conquered by King David as can he have kingship and David A.S. and his descendants, which is the Jewish nation, eventually became king there and homeland Palestine into Jewish nation from 1000 BC - 135 AD Palestine itself was ruled by the kingdom of Persia, Babylon, Egypt, and other kerjaaan kingdom interchangeably in that time span.
Mastered Palestinian territories of the Roman Empire
Around the year 100 BC came the power of Rome and in 63 BC, the Romans, under the reign of King Pompey, who controlled Palestine conquered kingdom. In 66 AD, the rebellion raised by the Jews. The war going on and the rebels lose and finally in AD 70, Jerusalem fell entirely into the hands of Rome.
Pompey King of the Romans (www.usu.edu)
Pompey King of the Romans (www.usu.edu)
At that time, Rome was not put pressure usually but gently treated colonies to unite with the nation's citizens negeranya colony. However, in the case of the Jews, this method does not work. Often arises melee of Jews. This led ultimately prevail hard to Rome and the Jews decreed deadly nasionalismen Jews worship by restricting their range.
In the end this decree makes a huge uprising of 200,000 Jews in Jerusalem led by Barcocheba. King Hadrian, who was leading the Romans to send Julius Sevenus and large number of troops to quell the rebellion and conquered Jerusalem. At that time, the Jews were defeated and expelled their rules barred from the city for whatever reason. Jerusalem made a Roman colony and Jewish places of worship, Jewish haikal, replaced by Roman supremacy symbol temple, the temple of Jupiter. From then spread out the Jews of Palestine. However, there is a small part that remained there.
After that, the influence of Christianity came to Rome, so that the growing spread of Christianity in Palestine. Christianity is growing in the area. Then, on the division of the Roman Empire in 395, Palestine came under the Byzantine Empire power, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire. At that Palestine become a prosperous region, the center of the development of the pilgrims (visiting places of worship sacred by Christians, Jews, etc..). But occasional torture to the Jews by people who mastered.
Year 611 AD, Chosroes II, king of the Persian Empire Sasan, attack that area. Followed by the Jews who wanted revenge. Jerusalem was captured. Church of the Holy Sepulchre was destroyed by land and possessions taken. Another church and its bishop arrested the same fate.
In 628 AD, King Heralcus of the territorial re-conquest of Byzantium. But the victory is temporary because of the advent of Islam that weaken the strength of the Byzantine Empire.
Palestinian Islamic Mastered
Islam appeared in 610 under the leadership of Muhammad. In the interval 610-632 years AD, the tribes of the Arabian region l been able to unite under his leadership were originally hostile. Islamic empire (Caliphate of Islam) after Muhammad's death under the leadership of Abu Bakr (632-634 CE) tried to wrest Palestine from the hands of the Byzantines. However, these efforts did not succeed and finally succeeded when the new Islamic Caliphate led by Umar. In 636, the Byzantines fell.
Under the leadership of 'Umar. occurs peace agreement between the government of Omar in Jerusalem with Christians, led by Bishop Sophronius. Umar himself had visited the Holy Rock (David as a place of worship., And where the Jewish Temple) and the place was a Masjid Umar. Came the influence of Islam in Jerusalem.
Disputes among the leadership of Muslims after the time of Prophet Muhammad and Khulafaurrasyidin (4 Companions of the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him, who led after the Prophet's death) led to the emergence of various Islamic dynasties change of dynasty led Muawiyah to Abbassiah Dynasty. In 685-705, Caliph Abdul Malik of the Abbasid dynasty embellish shrines of Jerusalem by building the Dome of the Al-Sakhrah, or the Dome of the Rock. In the year 929, there was a rebellion that robs Qaramithah Mecca. This led to the exodus of many Arabs to Jerusalem. In 1969, Egypt, occupied Fatima dynasty that declared independence from Abbasiyah Dynasty. There has been fighting between the two dynasties until 1072 and finally Palestine ruled by dynasty Fathimiah. Church of the Holy Sepulchre was destroyed during an attack Fathimiah the Abbasid Dynasty.Dome of the Rock (history.boisestate.edu)
Dome of the Rock (history.boisestate.edu)
At the time of the Crusades and later (1099-1900)
In 1099, Frank tribal attack came from Europe who brought to the area of Jerusalem that brings 40,000 troops to take control of Jerusalem. Jerusalem stood subdued and eventually Latin kingdom in Jerusalem. This war is called the Crusades I. Palestine occupied by tribes Frank Christian. The existence of the Second Crusade which took place in 1147-1187 led to Palestine back in the hands of the Islamic Empire. Crusades lasted a few times but eventually culminated to the peace agreement.
In 1258, came the attacks of the Tartars under the leadership of Hulagu from Central Asia (Mongols). This attack was menakukan Baghdad, Damascus, and Syria. However, the arrival of troops from Egypt led to their defeat and ultimately the area was controlled by Egypt.
Mastered region Turkey (1516-1900)
In 1516, the Turkish conquest of Egypt which led to the area conquered Turkey. Turkey made the Palestinian territories as one of the province and the governor sent from Constantinople. Turkey controlled Palestine during the fourth century. Starting 1840, Turkey opened the Palestinians for the sake of economy. Finally emerging ports and European consulates. This led to increasingly smaller and growing influence of Turkish influence the consulate there. Had been the Crimean War (1854-1856) due to the competition between the Greek Orthodox and the Latin priest.Theodor Herzl (www.israelvets.com)
Theodor Herzl (www.israelvets.com)
In 1896, Theodor Herzl, founder of Zionism movement, issued a proposal to establish the state of Israel in Palestine. This is because the Jews were scattered and did not have control of the country since Roman Palestine. Finally, some Jews establish colonies in the Palestinian areas.
The establishment of the State of Israel
In 1914, there perselesihan between Great Britain and Turkey. Eventually led them to war. Palestine was made by the Turkish military headquarters. However, eventually winning the 1918 British official, and Palestine ruled by the British.
On 2 November 1917, exit declaration British foreign secretary, Arthur Balfour, known as the Balfour Declaration. This declaration contains about British support for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. This is caused by the Jews helped England to win the World War I and the British wanted to rule the Palestinians because it is a strategic region between Asia, Europe, and Africa.Arthur Balfour (www.firstworldwar.com)
Arthur Balfour (www.firstworldwar.com)
In 1920, the office of the British rule in Palestine (British Mandate of Palestine) stood up, his adl High Commissioner Herbert Samuel. After those years, Jewish immigration to Palestine increased. Newly arrived Jews, usually go into town and set up businesses there.
In 1929, started the riots between Arabs and Jews. This conflict is due to the seizure of the rights of some holy places in Jerusalem. In addition, based on the results of the investigation team that made Britain, this happens because the Arabs depressed with the purchase of land and Jewish immigration that eventually persuaded them.
In 1933, Jews numbered only 17% of the entire Palestinian people. However, after that time, when Hitler came to power in Germany and Poland, there was a wave of mass migration from Europe to Palestine. In that moment of political change in the Middle East. Egypt and Syria were independent growth of nationalism led to independence. Finally, to release Palestinian discourse arising from the UK.
In 1938, the Arab-Jewish Conflict peaked. Britain issued a mandate that essentially would divide Palestine into two parts, namely for Arabs and Jews to stop the split. However, several years later, the mandate was repealed and replaced with a white paper urging the government formed a joint between Arabs and Jews. White-paper is opposed by the Jews.
At that time, the Jews who lived in the United States play an important role in the American economy. This led to the United side with the interests of the Jews. Britain began to feel disturbed relationship with the United States finally handed of Palestine to the United Nations. England alone will draw its mandate of Palestine on March 15, 1948.
1 September 1947, the UN recommended that Palestine be divided into two, into the area for Jews and Arabs. Jews and Arabs living in Palestine competing for influence and resist the rule. Begin guerrilla wars involving both. However, unfortunately, the spirit of the Jewish people more than doubled Arabs there. In the event of war, the Arab nobility instead fled to other countries. Dated May 14, 1948, Israel proclaimed Jews. The next day, the United States recognizes the sovereignty of Israel.
Post-1948 Palestinian struggle(Red. From now on, the term Palestinians use for the majority Arab population living in Palestine were not the Jews)
The Arab states around Israel's presence in Palestine rejected it. Was war. Israel won, and ultimately controls all regions except the West Bank Palestinian-controlled Syria and Egypt controlled Gaza Strip. Occurs massive displacement of the Palestinians from Palestine. Palestinian population is divided into three, who lives in Israel's occupation, living in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, and who fled to areas outside Palestine. After that, frequent clashes between Israel and the surrounding countries. In 1964 established the PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization), an organization that would be recognized as the only organization representing the aspirations of the Palestinian people. In the sequel, the PLO led by Arafat Yaseer.Yasser Arafat (www.mukto-mona.com)
Yasser Arafat (www.mukto-mona.com)
Pata 1967, 6 day war between Israel and Egypt. Egypt defeated so that Israel had occupied the area Sinnai. In 1973, Egypt and Syria unite to attack Israel, but Israel, winning control of the area to near the Suez Canal. Egypt finally recognized the state of Israel, in exchange for the region to be returned to Egypt Sinnai (listed in the Camp David 1978).
Since then, Israel occupied the Palestinian territories. Israel itself for the sake of zionismenya, established estates to the Jews in the Palestine area. Israel occupied the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. There, the Palestinians used the two-class society. Housing and terrorized them evicted. Palestinians continue to suffer under Israeli occupation.
As a result of the pressure the Israeli occupation, muncullan movement called Intifada in 1987. Intifada movement itself, which literally means "rebellion", a movement against Israeli soldiers armed with stones and slingshots. All aspects of the Palestinian people, both children and parents, men and women do struggle with throwing stones at Israeli soldiers, armed and armored bertank. In addition, the emergence of some militant groups, like Hamas in 1987, who had thought that the only way menguris Israel from Palestine is the holy war.A Child Throwing stones into the Israeli army (www.voltairenet.org)
A Child Throwing stones into the Israeli Army in the Intifada (www.voltairenet.org)Intifada (www.israelnewsradio.net)
Intifada (www.israelnewsradio.net)
Diplomacy Starting Line
On October 30, 1991, began the conference Madrid, between Israel and the Palestinians, represented by the PLO. The meeting continues so that at 13 September 1993, signed the Oslo Accords which contains the PLO was given autonomous region, ie 60% of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank town of Ariha. Return, the PLO recognize Israel's existence. On July 1, 1994, Arafat entered Gaza in order to establish the Palestinian National Authority (the Palestinian National Authority; hereinafter referred to as PNA). In 1996 the first elections were held the Palestinians, Yasser Arafat was elected President. Next comes some agreements such as:
January 17, 1997, the Treaty of Al Khalil signed the Israel-Palestine that contains 20% of the Israeli-controlled Hebron remains, the rest is left to the Palestinians.
October 23, 1998, agreement signed by Israel-PNA Maryland. Contains Israel handed over most of the regions of the PNA in the West Bank, in return, promised to tackle the problem of terrorism PNA (referring to the act of terrorism itself HAMAS)
Palestinian territory is divided into two, namely the West Bank and Gaza, each separated by Israeli territory.Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, Yasser Arafat in Oslo Kesepekatan (kenraggion.com)
Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, Yasser Arafat in Oslo Kesepekatan (kenraggion.com)
On 28 Sept 2000, the Second Intifada began, led by Hamas. PNA itself in conflict with the Hamas party. PNA more chose to dialogue rather than war. On 26 Oct 2004, persistent struggle Intifada II made Israel overwhelmed and validate program withdrawal from the Gaza Strip. On, November 11, 2004 Yasser Arafat died. Leadership in the PLO succeeded by Mahmoud Abbas. September 2005 began the withdrawal of Israeli troops from the Gaza Strip. This is the victory of Palestinian militants after 38 years. However, Israel continued to launch attacks and terror into the Gaza Strip. In addition, Israel established the boundary walls that isolate Palestinian settlements and expand housing for Jewish people.
In the 2006 elections, Hamas won the elections. However, most of the western countries reject the election because Hamas is a terrorist perceive the world. Hamas itself centered in the Gaza Strip.The military wing of Hamas (heavenawaits.wordpress.com)
The military wing of Hamas (heavenawaits.wordpress.com)
Several times clashes between Hamas and Israel that marked each rocket and missile launches in perbatasam. This forced a war going on. The war that last occurred in December 2008. After the ceasefire ended in November 2008, Israeli tanks entered Gaza border and Hamas militiamen fired rockets at Israel from the Gaza Strip. Finally, began the war that was marked with the date of December 27, 1998, Israel launched air strikes followed by a ground offensive into the Gaza Strip towards the pretext of wiping out Hamas. Wars take place until January 19, 2008, killing over 1200 Palestinians and dozens of Israeli soldiers. Unfortunately, most of the people who died not from the military. In fact, about 600 people are children and women.
At the time of this writing (January 21, 2009), Israel had withdrawn its forces from the Gaza Strip. Current state of Gaza city like melted lantah. The building was destroyed and the people who suffered physical and mental injuries of traumatic war. Hospitals full of the wounded and the people who live there shortages of food and medicine. Although aid has been entered, but is expected to Gaza will not recover any time soon. In fact, deadaan in Palestine is still possible to be war again. Other victims may still be falling.
History of the discovery of the guitar
The
word 'guitar' or guitar in English, was originally derived from the
name of an ancient stringed instruments in the Persian region in
approximately 1500 BC, known as citar or sehtar. This instrument is then developed into a variety of old-fashioned guitar models known as general tanbur. In the year 300 BC the Persian tanbur developed by the Greeks and the six centuries later by the Romans (Bellow, 1970:54-55). In
476M instrument brought by the Romans to Spain and transformed into:
(1) guitarra Morisca melody that serves as a carrier, and (2) Guitarra
Latina to play a chord. Three centuries later the Arabs brought a kind of harp guitar as al ud to Spain (Summerfield, 1982:12). Under
construction ud al Arab and the two models of guitars from the Roman,
the Spanish and then make his own musical instrument called the vihuela.
As a result, the vihuela became popular in Spain as musical instruments predecessor gradually abandoned. Nevertheless, al-ud brought into Western European countries and rivaling the popularity vihuela in Spain. In Europe al ud welcomed and evolved into various models of European lute until approximately the end of the 17th century. Meanwhile vihuela evolving into a wide range of guitars for centuries until it became a classic guitar that is used today.
The authenticity of the guitar can not be seen from antiquity. Some experts feel this tool comes from the African continent, where many modern replicas in the form of round like a clamshell box with Gut / silk yarn, in many regions of the continent. Other experts find this tool in the form of glass in an old stone relief relief at the time of Ancient Central Asia and Asia. Materials other thoughts also arise with the discovery of ancient Greek vases patterned vase. Greek Strings is the first tool that may be categorized as a guitar. Modern Guitar possibility stems from the Spanish guitar, but different types of guitars as instruments of instruments we can see dilukisan Medieval paintings in the days and there is lots Renaiassance throughout Europe.
»» READMORE...
The authenticity of the guitar can not be seen from antiquity. Some experts feel this tool comes from the African continent, where many modern replicas in the form of round like a clamshell box with Gut / silk yarn, in many regions of the continent. Other experts find this tool in the form of glass in an old stone relief relief at the time of Ancient Central Asia and Asia. Materials other thoughts also arise with the discovery of ancient Greek vases patterned vase. Greek Strings is the first tool that may be categorized as a guitar. Modern Guitar possibility stems from the Spanish guitar, but different types of guitars as instruments of instruments we can see dilukisan Medieval paintings in the days and there is lots Renaiassance throughout Europe.
Kamis, 29 November 2012
chlorophyll in plants
CHLOROPHYLL certainly not a new word for you. You must already know some of the health benefits of chlorophyll. Over the years, science and scientific research have revealed many health benefits of chlorophyll. What is chlorophyll, what makes it so special and what benefits you can get from the chlorophyll? Here's the description for you.
What is chlorophyll?
Chlorophyll or commonly known as green leaf substance, the same as the name implies, is the womb that causes the green color of plants. What does chlorophyll do? Chlorophyll is what absorbs energy from the sun to facilitate photosynthesis in plants. Chlorophyll is the same as the blood in humans. This substance is very involved in metabolic functions such as growth and respiration.
Even more interesting, the chemical composition of chlorophyll is almost identical to the composition of human blood. The difference is, the central atom in chlorophyll is magnesium, while the central atom is iron man. This, coupled with the importance of chlorophyll in the process of metabolism, had prompted scientists to find out if chlorophyll can offer similar benefits in humans. As a result, many studies have found benefits of chlorophyll to human health.
Chlorophyll for health benefits
Chlorophyll contains antioxidants, substances that are anti-inflammatory and wound healing. The content is beneficial to health. Here are some other benefits of chlorophyll:
Chlorophyll helps the growth and repair of tissues.
Chlorophyll helps in neutralizing the pollution that we breathe in and that we get through food intake. Therefore, chlorophyll is a good supplement for smokers.
• It efficiently delivers magnesium and helps the blood carry oxygen to all the cells needed in the body tissues.
Chlorophyll also be useful in assimilating calcium and other heavy minerals.
Chlorophyll potential in stimulating red blood cells to improve oxygen supply.
Along with other vitamins such as vitamin A, C, and E, chlorophyll has been seen to help neutralize free radicals that damage healthy cells.
Chlorophyll also acts as a deodorizer to reduce bad breath, urine, waste disposal, as well as body odor.
Chlorophyll also reduces the ability of carcinogenic substances to bind themselves to the DNA in the major organs of the body.
Chlorophyll may be useful in overcoming problems due to the formation of calcium oxalate stones.
• It can be used to treat infected wounds naturally.
Chlorophyll also contains antimutasi and antikarsinogen that serves to protect the body against toxins and reduce side effects of drugs.
Source of chlorophyll
The most obvious source of chlorophyll is green vegetables. However, it is better eaten raw. The process of heating when cooking destroy most of their chlorophyll content. Or, it could also increase the intake of chlorophyll by using supplements. Chlorophyll is widely available in the form of extracts, liquid or tablet. No matter liquid or tablets, chlorophyll will boost the immune system, strengthen tissues and organs, and improve general health.
»» READMORE...
What is chlorophyll?
Chlorophyll or commonly known as green leaf substance, the same as the name implies, is the womb that causes the green color of plants. What does chlorophyll do? Chlorophyll is what absorbs energy from the sun to facilitate photosynthesis in plants. Chlorophyll is the same as the blood in humans. This substance is very involved in metabolic functions such as growth and respiration.
Even more interesting, the chemical composition of chlorophyll is almost identical to the composition of human blood. The difference is, the central atom in chlorophyll is magnesium, while the central atom is iron man. This, coupled with the importance of chlorophyll in the process of metabolism, had prompted scientists to find out if chlorophyll can offer similar benefits in humans. As a result, many studies have found benefits of chlorophyll to human health.
Chlorophyll for health benefits
Chlorophyll contains antioxidants, substances that are anti-inflammatory and wound healing. The content is beneficial to health. Here are some other benefits of chlorophyll:
Chlorophyll helps the growth and repair of tissues.
Chlorophyll helps in neutralizing the pollution that we breathe in and that we get through food intake. Therefore, chlorophyll is a good supplement for smokers.
• It efficiently delivers magnesium and helps the blood carry oxygen to all the cells needed in the body tissues.
Chlorophyll also be useful in assimilating calcium and other heavy minerals.
Chlorophyll potential in stimulating red blood cells to improve oxygen supply.
Along with other vitamins such as vitamin A, C, and E, chlorophyll has been seen to help neutralize free radicals that damage healthy cells.
Chlorophyll also acts as a deodorizer to reduce bad breath, urine, waste disposal, as well as body odor.
Chlorophyll also reduces the ability of carcinogenic substances to bind themselves to the DNA in the major organs of the body.
Chlorophyll may be useful in overcoming problems due to the formation of calcium oxalate stones.
• It can be used to treat infected wounds naturally.
Chlorophyll also contains antimutasi and antikarsinogen that serves to protect the body against toxins and reduce side effects of drugs.
Source of chlorophyll
The most obvious source of chlorophyll is green vegetables. However, it is better eaten raw. The process of heating when cooking destroy most of their chlorophyll content. Or, it could also increase the intake of chlorophyll by using supplements. Chlorophyll is widely available in the form of extracts, liquid or tablet. No matter liquid or tablets, chlorophyll will boost the immune system, strengthen tissues and organs, and improve general health.
How to make a Simple Natural Compost
How to make a Simple Natural CompostAs we know that the need for fertilizing farm. Fertilizer itself there are two types of natural fertilizers and artificial powder. Called natural fertilizer organic fertilizer, in which the materials are derived from plants that have been regarded as waste. While
artificial fertilizer is also called inorganic fertilizers, where the
materials are obtained by a chemical process and is produced by
large-scale perusahaan-perusahaan/industri.
There is a functional difference between organic and inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizer works towards improved soil properties. While inorganic fertilizers terahadap function more effort to enrich the nutrients in the soil. This article will focus on a discussion of the process of making organic fertilizer or compost only in accordance with the above title.
The purpose Fertilization With Compost
Already discussed briefly above that the organic fertilizer / compost serves to improve the properties or structure of the soil. Giving compost on sandy soil will cause unification grains of sand, so that the soil becomes loose daneb4cf5d93a9f0836: TM = 13375tanaman. And if the composting is given on clay, it will be able to stretch the bond the grains making up the ground, so that the composition of the soil becomes solid again (be loose) and very good for planting.
In addition, the land which the compost will have the ability to water absorption better. The impact of this, the loss of water during the dry season may be reduced because compost has tied well enough water during the rainy season.
How to Compost Making
There are many techniques for composting. Here will be discussed one of them. But the principle is the same, which makes organic materials that have been considered waste processed in such a way that it would make a great media to loosen the soil and nourish plants.
There are two things that must be prepared in composting. The first is land / place to do the processing. The second is the materials or materials to be used as compost itself. To place an absolute must have. As for materials would have been available wherever we are. Because the material can be obtained from organic waste that are in abundance around us.
First, prepare two plots each measuring 4 x 2 meters. Give pedestal with 20 cm thick layer of soil. Fence with brick red rim so that the compost will not spill (so kind of like).
Then prepare the compost materials, ie waste from the plant. Can the rest of the vegetables, hay, leaves, or litter the market. Count short, about 5-7 cm in order to cut uniform. insert into tubs of bricks that had been prepared. This trash heap is 1.5 meters in height. Do less and do more. The goal is to keep the temperature stability in the trash heap. If too high, the temperature at the base will be very hot. Conversely, if too low, the heat inside the pile of garbage that will quickly disappear, so the compost cooking process will take a long time.
Piles of garbage was not too compacted. The top try cembug in the middle, with a goal when it rains do not get waterlogged. But if there is no rain humidity should be maintained in a way douse it with water, so that mature compost can be synchronously.
After six days of composting should be reversed. The trick, move it to a compost pile that has been provided on the side. In this way, the pile that was on top will be under. And vice versa. Do this four times every six days.
Characteristics of Compost That's So
The characteristics of the finished compost that is the shape, smell and color is similar to ground premises, brownish black. Feels fragile when crushed. Temperature of 350 Celsius. When it meets traits like that, it means that we make compost has become. Compost pile ready to be dismantled.
But prior to use, the compost should be aerated prior to lowering the water level is down to 15%. The trick, spread out on the floor or a wide base bag. Then be inverted as drying rice. When completed, the compost is ready to be packaged or used to serve as a planting medium.
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There is a functional difference between organic and inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizer works towards improved soil properties. While inorganic fertilizers terahadap function more effort to enrich the nutrients in the soil. This article will focus on a discussion of the process of making organic fertilizer or compost only in accordance with the above title.
The purpose Fertilization With Compost
Already discussed briefly above that the organic fertilizer / compost serves to improve the properties or structure of the soil. Giving compost on sandy soil will cause unification grains of sand, so that the soil becomes loose daneb4cf5d93a9f0836: TM = 13375tanaman. And if the composting is given on clay, it will be able to stretch the bond the grains making up the ground, so that the composition of the soil becomes solid again (be loose) and very good for planting.
In addition, the land which the compost will have the ability to water absorption better. The impact of this, the loss of water during the dry season may be reduced because compost has tied well enough water during the rainy season.
How to Compost Making
There are many techniques for composting. Here will be discussed one of them. But the principle is the same, which makes organic materials that have been considered waste processed in such a way that it would make a great media to loosen the soil and nourish plants.
There are two things that must be prepared in composting. The first is land / place to do the processing. The second is the materials or materials to be used as compost itself. To place an absolute must have. As for materials would have been available wherever we are. Because the material can be obtained from organic waste that are in abundance around us.
First, prepare two plots each measuring 4 x 2 meters. Give pedestal with 20 cm thick layer of soil. Fence with brick red rim so that the compost will not spill (so kind of like).
Then prepare the compost materials, ie waste from the plant. Can the rest of the vegetables, hay, leaves, or litter the market. Count short, about 5-7 cm in order to cut uniform. insert into tubs of bricks that had been prepared. This trash heap is 1.5 meters in height. Do less and do more. The goal is to keep the temperature stability in the trash heap. If too high, the temperature at the base will be very hot. Conversely, if too low, the heat inside the pile of garbage that will quickly disappear, so the compost cooking process will take a long time.
Piles of garbage was not too compacted. The top try cembug in the middle, with a goal when it rains do not get waterlogged. But if there is no rain humidity should be maintained in a way douse it with water, so that mature compost can be synchronously.
After six days of composting should be reversed. The trick, move it to a compost pile that has been provided on the side. In this way, the pile that was on top will be under. And vice versa. Do this four times every six days.
Characteristics of Compost That's So
The characteristics of the finished compost that is the shape, smell and color is similar to ground premises, brownish black. Feels fragile when crushed. Temperature of 350 Celsius. When it meets traits like that, it means that we make compost has become. Compost pile ready to be dismantled.
But prior to use, the compost should be aerated prior to lowering the water level is down to 15%. The trick, spread out on the floor or a wide base bag. Then be inverted as drying rice. When completed, the compost is ready to be packaged or used to serve as a planting medium.
10 The Most Awful Mystery In The World
Ghost stories and mystical going on in various parts of the world. Many believed the ghosts haunted places to inhabit there. This mystical region save a million mysteries and horrors background. Most of the world's population was curious but also chose not to tread this place.
Quoted from the site enviromentalgrafitti.com, at least there are 10 of the most haunted universal. Where is it? Here's his review.
1. Myrtles Plantation (United States)
Myrtles Plantation in the State of Los Angeles, the United States, got the first rank of the most haunted universal.
The house on the estate was built in 1796 by David Bradford, a general of the American army. So scary, no study ever conducted of various parties, and on average they find dozens of murders have taken place there.
Some ghosts even appeared to investigators. Ranging from former slaves hanged to death, two ghostly boys often play on the porch, to the owner of the second house lawyer named William Drew Winter. He was shot dead by unknown persons in footing the stairs to the 17th. Up to now, like a ghost Winter appeared on it.
2. Lawang Sewu (Indonesia)
Lawang Sewu building located in Semarang, Indonesia, was ranked as the world's second-place haunted. This building was constructed when the Dutch colonized Indonesia in 1904. As the name implies, Lawang Sewu has many doors connecting each room.
People believe the building was so silent witness to the massacre of some Dutch soldiers by Japanese forces. Local residents often hear strange noises from inside the building. In addition, there is often a long-haired female ghost sightings, commonly called kuntilanak.
3. Tower of London (England)
The tower is located in the capital of London, England, called the third most haunted places. The building is ever considered honorable execution of several people, including Ann Boleyn, one of the wife of King Henry VIII ruled England in the 15th century.
Boleyn was beheaded for grapevine affair. In many occasions this female ghost is often seen carrying her own head.
4. Eastern State Prison (United States)
The building is located in the State of Philadelphia, the United States was built in 1829. Jail is the fourth most haunted places in the world. While still in active use, nearly two thousand prisoners crammed in a cell. Emotional stress is high, one prisoners facing suffering and death.
One of the most famous inmate was Al Capone. He was jailed for possession of illegal weapons. During his detention, reportedly tormented by ghosts Capone James Clark, one of the people he had killed.
The prison also had a spot inquiry about "ghost phenomena" scientifically by researchers because keangkerannya (read: Ghosts According to Scientists: Brain Exposed to Visible If Frequency Very Low)
5. The Queen Mary (United States)
The Queen Mary is an old ship transformed into a luxury hotel in 1967 in the State of California, United States. The ship suffered several fires, though not to drown.
Most haunted areas in the engine. A mechanic reportedly burnt. His spirit is still hanging around and often sounding pipes ship. Several times the hotel visitors see stuff move by itself as well as the voices of people screaming in pain.
6. Waverly Hills Mental Hospital (United States)
Buildings in the State of Kentucky, United States, was created in 1910. Outbreaks of TB disease has no cure and affects building killed 63 thousand patients.
Not to mention the cause of death and malpractice cases doctors experiment. That's why many souls are believed trapped in that place. If you come here, certain to be heard groaning in pain, phantom shadows suddenly disappeared, and suddenly cold temperatures.
7. Houses Whaley (United States)
The building is located in the City of San Diego, State of California, United States. Whaley called the most haunted house in the Superpower it. Built in 1857 by Thomas Whaley in the former area of the cemetery, where it is believed to be the headquarters of dozens of ghost haunts.
The most famous ghost of the red-haired girl Whaley. He is described by the author Regula deTraci figure really looks real. Sometimes people think he's alive.
8. Hotels Raynham Hall (UK)
The hotel is located in the City of Norfolk, England. The most famous building is haunted for ever documented. Spirit known as Women Brown (The Brown Lady). It became one of the most authentic ghost photo universal.
Female brown portrayed a noble woman wearing a brown satin dress. His face looked radiant, but his eyes were completely black.
9. The White House (USA)
The building is not only inhabited by the president of the United States. The place is located in the capital city of Washington DC is also believed inhabited by ghosts of former leaders of Uncle Sam's.
The White House workers often see apparitions of former President Abraham Lincoln. When Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands to stay in the building, knock on his door and in the hallway of the room looked at him the figure of Lincoln.
10. Auschwitz (Poland)
This concentration camp was built at the Nazi Party to power, Germany, on the plains of Europe. The camp is located in the city of Krakow, Poland. This is an important place of memory for all of humanity for the massacre and racist policies conducted at 2 million Jews.
The place was built in 1940, is believed to be haunted. Officers here often see a line of Jewish spirit walk, and some of them real shape. An employee does not mention the name of the person spoken to admit Jews, they even laughed all night long. Until finally, in the morning, the Jews were turned into smoke and disappeared while leaving voice screamed in pain. (Enviromentalgrafitti / Ardini Maharani, free)
Crude Oil And Petroleum Discovery History
For the first time people know the oil is in the area of Mesopotamia. In
fact, according to historical records, the Chinese already try drilling
oil since before the time of masehi.Permulaan existing petroleum
industry, the existence in the country of Uncle Sam aka the United
States around the 19th century. Petroleum
is so so worth it because one day in Glasgow found a way to process
crude oil into light oil, so oil is increasingly sought and hunted. Giant oil fields discovered in the soil from arab several years before World War II exploded.
Petroleum ExplorationThe history of oil drilling for the first time in the history of the first drilling conducted around the year 1885, the drilling of oil producing commercially successful. This work successfully acted by Jans Zifiker Aeilko champion in a single lake at a depth of 22 No. I meter.Begitu initially how people managed to lift the oil that is in the earth and process them in the bowels of the earth. Actually the oil and gas it doing? Oil and gas that Khan also called hydrocarbons, because its main constituent is C (Carbon) and H (hydrogen). Hydrocarbons are derived from organic compounds, a major role in the oil and gas are lipids (fats, steroids, and pigments), protein and carbohydrates. Pembentukkannya a petroleum process that takes a long time (on the scale of millions of years), and complex process. Components and processes necessary for forming and storing hydrocarbons called "petroleum system".The oil can be formed in the bowels of the earth must have 5 conditions that must exist are:1. Mature source rock (source rock)2. Line migration (migration pathways)3. Reservoir rocks (reservoir rock)4. Trap (trap)5. Sealing (seal)
Oil & Gas Drilling first by Drake, location in Onshore / ground (look wrote on wikipedia), with metodel cable tool drilling (same method as earth stake put up in the civilian world) just by using eye Bor. sekang different drilling systems that use rotary drilling.Industri Oil & gas is Modal.sebagai information-intensive industries a cost of drilling oil wells exploitation approximately U.S. $ 600/ft or approximately U.S. $ 3.6jt to a depth of 6000ft (1800 m). if you compare the price of crude oil (crude oil) is now + / - 70 USD / bbl (bbl = barrel) assume 1 well had a production of 100 BOPD (barrels of oil per day) it is more or less within 514 days or 1.4 years could only turnover (rough calculation). if there is an oil field wells and Life time 100an an oil field can be until 30 years. wah can imagine how keuntungannya.makanya that employers "wealthy Bakrie, Arifin Panigoro could be billionaires from oil & gas business.
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Petroleum ExplorationThe history of oil drilling for the first time in the history of the first drilling conducted around the year 1885, the drilling of oil producing commercially successful. This work successfully acted by Jans Zifiker Aeilko champion in a single lake at a depth of 22 No. I meter.Begitu initially how people managed to lift the oil that is in the earth and process them in the bowels of the earth. Actually the oil and gas it doing? Oil and gas that Khan also called hydrocarbons, because its main constituent is C (Carbon) and H (hydrogen). Hydrocarbons are derived from organic compounds, a major role in the oil and gas are lipids (fats, steroids, and pigments), protein and carbohydrates. Pembentukkannya a petroleum process that takes a long time (on the scale of millions of years), and complex process. Components and processes necessary for forming and storing hydrocarbons called "petroleum system".The oil can be formed in the bowels of the earth must have 5 conditions that must exist are:1. Mature source rock (source rock)2. Line migration (migration pathways)3. Reservoir rocks (reservoir rock)4. Trap (trap)5. Sealing (seal)
Oil & Gas Drilling first by Drake, location in Onshore / ground (look wrote on wikipedia), with metodel cable tool drilling (same method as earth stake put up in the civilian world) just by using eye Bor. sekang different drilling systems that use rotary drilling.Industri Oil & gas is Modal.sebagai information-intensive industries a cost of drilling oil wells exploitation approximately U.S. $ 600/ft or approximately U.S. $ 3.6jt to a depth of 6000ft (1800 m). if you compare the price of crude oil (crude oil) is now + / - 70 USD / bbl (bbl = barrel) assume 1 well had a production of 100 BOPD (barrels of oil per day) it is more or less within 514 days or 1.4 years could only turnover (rough calculation). if there is an oil field wells and Life time 100an an oil field can be until 30 years. wah can imagine how keuntungannya.makanya that employers "wealthy Bakrie, Arifin Panigoro could be billionaires from oil & gas business.
usefulness of petroleum
Uses fractions derived from petroleum associated with his physical nature such as boiling point and viscosity, as well as its chemical properties.
Gasoline is a fuel transport still plays an important role to date. Gasoline containing more than 500 types of hydrocarbons having chain C5-C10. Levels vary depending on the composition of the crude oil and desired quality. So, how exactly is the use of gasoline as a fuel?
Gasoline as a motor vehicle fuel
Because gasoline only burns in the vapor phase, the gasoline must be vaporized in the carburetor before being burned in the engine cylinder. The energy generated from the combustion of gasoline is converted into motion through the following steps.
Burning gasoline is desired that produces a smooth impetus to the decline of the piston. It depends on the timeliness of combustion so that the amount of energy transferred to a maximum piston. Timeliness combustion depending on the type of hydrocarbon chains which in turn will determine the quality of gasoline. Straight-chain Alkanes in gasoline such as n-heptane, n-octane, and n-nonana highly flammable. This causes the combustion occurs too early before the piston reaches the right position. That places an explosion known as the knock (knocking). Burning too early also means that there is residual unburned gasoline components so that energy is transferred to the piston is not the maximum. Branched-chain Alkanes / alicyclic / aromatic in gasoline as isooctane not very flammable. Thus, fewer beats are generated, and the energy is transferred to the larger piston.
Therefore, with a good quality gasoline should contain more branched chain alkane / alicyclic / aromatic than straight-chain alkanes. The quality is expressed by the gasoline octane number.
»» READMORE...
Gasoline is a fuel transport still plays an important role to date. Gasoline containing more than 500 types of hydrocarbons having chain C5-C10. Levels vary depending on the composition of the crude oil and desired quality. So, how exactly is the use of gasoline as a fuel?
Gasoline as a motor vehicle fuel
Because gasoline only burns in the vapor phase, the gasoline must be vaporized in the carburetor before being burned in the engine cylinder. The energy generated from the combustion of gasoline is converted into motion through the following steps.
Burning gasoline is desired that produces a smooth impetus to the decline of the piston. It depends on the timeliness of combustion so that the amount of energy transferred to a maximum piston. Timeliness combustion depending on the type of hydrocarbon chains which in turn will determine the quality of gasoline. Straight-chain Alkanes in gasoline such as n-heptane, n-octane, and n-nonana highly flammable. This causes the combustion occurs too early before the piston reaches the right position. That places an explosion known as the knock (knocking). Burning too early also means that there is residual unburned gasoline components so that energy is transferred to the piston is not the maximum. Branched-chain Alkanes / alicyclic / aromatic in gasoline as isooctane not very flammable. Thus, fewer beats are generated, and the energy is transferred to the larger piston.
Therefore, with a good quality gasoline should contain more branched chain alkane / alicyclic / aromatic than straight-chain alkanes. The quality is expressed by the gasoline octane number.
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