understanding rain

Rain is a form of liquid precipitation, as opposed to non-liquid precipitation such as snow, ice and rock slit. Rain requires the presence of a thick layer of the atmosphere in order to meet a temperature above the melting point of ice near and above the Earth's surface. On Earth, the rain is the condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere of a grain of water heavy enough to fall and usually arrive on the mainland. The two processes may occur simultaneously to push the air gets saturated before the rain, which is cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air. Virga is precipitation that falls to the earth but evaporates before reaching the mainland; here's one way air saturation. Precipitation formed through collisions between grains of water or ice crystals with clouds. Rains pick grain sizes ranging from pepat, like pancakes (large grain), up to a small ball (small grains).
Moisture moving along zones of temperature and moisture differences in the so-called three-dimensional weather fronts is the major method of rain-making. If at that time there was moisture and upward motion is sufficient, the rain will fall from convective clouds (clouds with strong upward movement) as kumulonimbus (thunderstorms) which can be collected into a narrow rain bond. In mountainous areas, heavy rainfall could occur if the upstream side of the valley increased surface winds at a height which forces moist air to condense and fall as rain along the side of the mountain. On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can occur due to the dry air caused by the flow down the valley resulting in the heating and drying of the air mass. The movement of the monsoon trump, or intertropis convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah climate. Rain is the main source of fresh water in most parts of the world, providing suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power generation and irrigation fields. Rainfall is calculated using rain gauges. The number of active rainfall calculated by weather radar and passively by weather satellites.
The impact of the urban heat island boost rainfall in the number and intensity under an urban wind. Global warming also resulted in changes in rainfall patterns around the world, including the atmosphere of rain in eastern North America and the dry atmosphere in the tropics. Rain is a major component of the water cycle and the main provider of fresh water on the planet. Rainfall global annual average is 990 millimetre (39 in). Climate grouping system such as system grouping Köppen climate using average rainfall yearly to help distinguish climatic zones. Antarctica is the driest continent on Earth. In other areas, the rain also fell with the content of methane, iron, neon, and sulfuric acid.

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understanding of erosion

Erosion is the annihilation events solids (sediment, soil, rock, and other particles) due to transport wind, water or ice, rainfall characteristics, soil creep and other materials under the influence of gravity, or by living things such as animals make burrows, in the case of This so-called bio-erosion. Erosion is not the same as a result of weathering the weather, which is the process of destruction of rock minerals by chemical or physical processes, or a combination of both.
Actual erosion is a natural process that is easily recognizable, but in most places this incident exacerbated by human activities in poor land use, deforestation, mining, plantation and farming, construction / development is not well ordered and construction of roads. Land used to produce crops usually have a much greater erosion of land with natural vegetation. Conversion of forest lands into agricultural fields increased erosion, due to the structure of forest plant roots bind the soil was replaced with a stronger root structure of the weaker crops. However, land use practices can limit erosion developed, using techniques such as terrace-building, conservation practice fields and planting trees.
The impact of erosion is the depletion of the upper layer of the soil surface, which will cause menurunnnya ability of the land (land degradation). Another consequence of the erosion is decreased ability of soil to absorb water (infiltration). Decrease the ability of the land to absorb water in the soil will increase surface water runoff that would result in flooding on the river. Besides soil particle transported by surface runoff will eventually settle to the river (sedimentation) are further due to high sedimentation will cause siltation of the river that will affect the smooth running of the shipping lanes.
Erosion in a certain amount is actually a natural occurrence, and good for the ecosystem. For example, regular gravel down to lower elevations through water transport. excessive erosion, of course, can lead to problems, such as in the case of sedimentation, ecosystem damage and loss of water altogether.
The amount of erosion depends on many factors. Climate factors, including the amount and intensity of rainfall / precipitation, and the average temperature ranges, as well as the season, wind speed, storm frequency. factors including the type of sedimentary geology, rock type, porosity and permeability, kemiringn land. Biological factors include vegetation cover land, creatures who live on the land and land use ooleh humans.
Generally, the same ecosystem and vegetation, areas with high rainfall, rainfall frequency, more frequent contact with wind or storm certainly more exposed to erosion. high sediment content of sand or silt, located in areas with steep slopes, more easily eroded, so did the area with weathered rock or rock breaks. porosity and permeability of the sediment or rock affect the speed of erosion, whether or not related easily seep into the ground water. If the water moves underground, surface runoff formed less, thus reducing erosion. Sediments contain a lot of clay tends to be easier than sand or silt bererosi. The impact of atmospheric sodium on erodibility of clay should also be noted
The factors that most often fickle is the amount and type of land cover. in undisturbed forest, the mineral soil is protected by a layer of topsoil and organic layers. two layers protect the soil by reducing the impact of raindrops. layers and their litter on the forest floor is porous and easily absorbs rainwater. Typically, only the heavy rains (sometimes accompanied by gale) who will lead the runoff on the ground in the forest. when trees are removed by fire or logging, a high degree of water infiltration and erosion is low. Severe fires can lead to increased erosion if followed premises prominently heavy rain. in terms of construction or road building, when the litter layer / topsoil removed or compacted, the degree of vulnerability of the soil to erosion increased height.
roads, specifically allow for increased degrees of erosion, because, in addition to eliminating land cover, roads can significantly change drainage patterns, especially if an embankment is made to support the road. The road has a lot of rocks and hydrologically invisible (to catch the water as quickly as possible out of the way, by mimicking natural drainage patterns) has a great chance to not cause erosion increase.

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THEORY OF CARBON SOLAR SYSTEM

There are a few theories that I know about the formation of the solar system. when I search for it I found at least 5 things or 5 theories on the formation of the solar system. include: THEORY FOG, Theory planetesimals, Theory STAR TWINS, TIDAL Theory, Theory DUST CLOUD (PROTO PLANET)THEORY OF FOGFog theory called the theory put forward by Immanuel Nebula.Teori Kart and Simon de Laplace.Menurut this theory initially there is a diffuse nebula, and nearly round which rotates at a very slow so start forming a flat disc menyusut.Akibatnya the middle. shrinkage continues and is formed in the center of the sun rotates faster sehinggabagian cakram.Cakram edges disc apart form the rings bahan.Kemudian material in the rings condense into planets evolved around the Sun.THEORY planetesimalPlanetesimal theory proposed by TC Chamberlein and FR Moulton.Menurut this theory, the Sun has previously been there as one of the stars that many langit.Suatu when stars cross paths with the Sun within the dekat.Karena distance, the gravitational pull of a star through some of the material from the Sun (like a giant tongue) gravitate toward bintaang tersebut.Saat away star, giant tongue partially fell into the sun and some scattered into small clumps or planetesimal.Planetesimal-planetesimal floating in space in orbit around the Matahari.Dengan collision and the pull of gravity, large planetesimal sweeps smaller and eventually become planets.TWIN STAR THEORYAccording to the theory of the Twin Stars, formerly the Sun is a twin star twin star then explodes into pieces-kepingan.Karena gravitational influence of stars that do not explode (the Sun), the pieces were moved around the star and become planets.TIDAL THEORYTidal theory first advanced by Buffon.Buffon stated that the solar system from the Sun that catapulted material due to collide with a comet.Tidal theory presented Buffon then repaired by Sir James Jeans and Harold Jeffreys.Mereka found that the solar system formed by the tidal effects of the Sun gases due to the gravitational force across the star-gas Matahari.Gas apart and then surround Matahari.Gas- The hot gas is then turned into balls and berlahan liquid cools and forms a hard layer of the planets and satellites.THEORY OF DUST CLOUD (PROTO PLANET)This theory was put forward by Carl von Weizsaecker later perfected by Gerard P.Kuiper in 1950.Teori proto planetary states that the solar system formed by a cloud of gas and an overwhelming number banyak.Suatu attractive clumps undergo compression and dust particles clump ball. That's when the torsion occurs that makes the ball blob resembling a flat disc (thickness the middle and flat on the edge). Due to the center of the spiral occurs slowly resulting pressure causes heat and light (the Sun). edge of spiral discs faster thus split into more kecil.Gumpalan clot was then frozen into planets and satellites.

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PROCESS landslides

The process of landslides can be explained as follows.

     The water seeped into the ground will add weight to the ground.
     If water penetrates the soil impermeable pellet acts as a field, the soil becomes slippery.
     Furthermore, soil weathering that are in it will move to follow the slope and off the slopes.

CAUSAL FACTORS landslides

Factors contributing to the movement of the slope also depends on the condition of the rock and soil slope preparation, structural geology, rainfall, vegetation cover and use on the slopes. However, the outline can be distinguished as Natural Factors and Human Factors.

A. Natural factors

     Geological conditions, weathered rocks, the slope of the insertion layer, a layer of clay rock, fault structures and ketear, earthquakes, stragtigrafi, and volcanoes.
     Climate, such as rainfall.
     Topography circumstances, such as steep slopes.
     Tata water circumstances, such as a clogged drainage conditions and the accumulation of water masses.
     Land cover that reduces shear resistance, eg critical ground.

B. Human Factors human tantrum that is not friendly to nature include:

     Cutting climbing on rock mining on steep slopes.
     Hoarding of land on the slopes.
     Failure of retaining wall structures.
     Deforestation.
     Raising fish pond on the slopes.
     Farming systems that do not pay attention to irrigation is safe.
     Development areas that were not matched by public awareness thus self-defeating.
     The slopes of the drainage system is not good.

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PROCESS OF SUCH volcano eruption

Volcanic or volcaniclastic in general is a term that can didefinisikansebagai a hot fluid channel system (in the form of molten rock or lava) yangmemanjang from a depth of about 10 km below the earth's surface to the surface of the earth, including sediment accumulation results released padasaat erupted material.The mountain erupted magma due to sediment in the bowels of the earth were pushed out olehgas high pressure. From such eruptions of volcanoes is formed.Eruptions of ash and rock that brought loud gush as far as 18km radius or more, while the lava could flood the area as far as 90 km radius. Letusangunung volcano could cause casualties and huge property sampairibuan kilometers away and even bias affects the climate of the earth round ini.Hasil volcanic eruptions (source: MPBI)vulkanikLava gas and flow of sand and stone panasLahar Landslides Earthquakes Abu eruption of hot clouds (pyroclastic)Volcanic gases are gases released during volcanic eruptions yangdikeluarkan include carbon monoxide (CO), Carbondioksida (CO2), Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen (NO2), which is the liquid magma harm manusia.Lava high temperature flowing to the surface melaluikawah volcano. Capable of flowing liquid lava away from the source mengikutisungai or existing valley while viscous lava flows not far darisumbernya.Lahar is one danger to people on the slopes berapi.Lahar tingla is flooded Bandang mountainside consisting of a mixture of clay to boulders vulkanikberukuran. Known as lava eruptions and lava rain. Letusanterjadi lava when a volcano that has erupted crater lake, so the lake water panasbercampur with eruptions material, while the lava rain due materialletusan mixing with rain water around the peak. The cloud can be a hot pyroclastic flow, pyroclastic blast and pyroclastic fallout. Hot clouds of material flow is a major eruption cloud of hot, flowing down danakhirnya settle in and around the river valley. Adalahawan blowing hot clouds of small eruptions of hot material, exhaled winds reaching 90km/jam. Hot cloud is a cloud of material dropping hot eruption of large and small yangdilontarkan upward by the force of the eruption. Material size will fall around the peak, while the fine would fall in the tens, hundreds or even thousands of kmdari peak because of the wind. Hot clouds can cause burns padabagian exposed body such as the head, arms, neck or leg and also cause sesaksampai not breathing. Volcanic ash is a very fine material. Since blowing angindampaknya be felt hundreds of kilometers away

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Definition, Function and Process of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process of making energy or nutrients / glucose which took over the role of sunlight (photo = light, synthesis = the manufacturing / processing) by using nutrients / minerals, carbon dioxide and water. Living beings are capable of photosynthesis of plants, algae and some bacteria. Photosynthesis is essential for life on earth as nearly all living things depend on energy produced by the process of photosynthesis.Photosynthesis FunctionPhotosynthesis functions as follows:

    The main function of photosynthesis to produce nutrients such as glucose. Glucose into the basic fuel building other nutrients, the fat and protein in the plant body. These substances into food for animals and humans. Therefore, the ability of plants convert light energy (sunlight) into chemical energy (nutrients) has always been a food chain.
    Photosynthesis helps clean the air, reducing levels of CO2 (carbon dioxide) in the air because CO2 is a raw material in the process of photosynthesis. As an end result, in addition to nutrients is O2 (Oxygen) which is needed for life.
    The ability of plant photosynthesis during his lifetime cause remains of plants that lived past buried in the ground for millions of years to become one of the coal energy sources today.
Photosynthesis ProcessOkay let's see how the reaction to occur:
Definition, Function and Process of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis takes place in two stages, the light reactions (requires sunlight) and dark reactions (does not require sunlight)
Light reaction
Takes place in the thylakoid membranes in the grana. Grana is a structure formed thylakoid membrane formation in the stroma, which is one room in the chloroplast. In the grana are chlorophyll, the pigment that plays a role in photosynthesis. Light reaction called photolysis well as the absorption of light energy and the decomposition of water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen.
Dark Reaction
Takes place in the stroma. Reactions that form of sugar derived ingredients CO2 from the air and the energy derived from the light reactions.
No need sunlight, but it can not take place if it has not happened yet because the light cycles from the energy used to light reaction.
There are two kinds of cycles, ie Calin-Benson cycle and cycle-Slack hatch. In Calin-Benson cycle, plants produce compounds with carbon atom number three, the compound 3-Phosphoglyceric. This cycle is assisted by the enzyme RuBisCO. At hatch-Slack cycle, plants produce compounds with carbon atom number four. The enzyme is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase plays.
final product obtained glucose dark cycle plant that is used for activities or stored as energy reserves.

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FORMATION sedimentary rocks

FORMATION sedimentary rocksSedimentary rocks are rocks that occur as the result of erosion or deposition of material dissolution. So the origin of the existing rocks, both igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks undergo weathering, eroding, caught then deposited elsewhere, so it had to be litifikasi cementation process and sedimentary rocks that hard. Sediment would be a sedimentary rock through the process of hardening or pembatuan involving:a. Compression (Compaction)b. Penyimenan (Cementation)c. Original crystallization (Recrystallization) primarily carbonate sediments)2.1.1 compression (compaction)Compression causing sediment grain will be depressed during tertimbus. The composition will be composed of the original grains with denser. If many partikal soft like scarves, sediments more susceptible to compression. As a result instead of compression, the layer becomes more juice, porositi berkurangan, especially in sediment mud terrigenus.Porositi reduction and water loss reached 60-80%. The water will flow to a region of high berketelapan such as sand, and will play an important peranakans in dissolution and chemical pemendapan in the sand. Having composed the original, which terterusan compression causes grain touching each other. Place a touch of high pressure and changes fizikal apply, such as the solution of the pressure (pressure solution). Dissolved silica that will fit in the cavity between the granules and may form Simen.2.1.2 Penyimenan (cementation)Penyimenan is the process by which new minerals derived rather than fluid cavity (pore fluids) will be formed / termendap on grain surfaces or validity grown-added or growth-past or pertumbesaran (overgrowths) minerals available there. The main types are kuarza Simen and calcite.Simen will bind sediment grains lead to stone. Penyimenan usually applies rated mid diagenesis. If applicable rated early, he may deduct the impression of compression, which must withstand harsh Simen pressure.Simen kuarza than water from burrows tepu with silica, namely bersilika results than the dissolving organisms, kuarza pressure solution, chemical diagenesis clay minerals and others. Simen calcite sediments may be formed during terendap, namely in the area surrounding carbonates.2.1.3 Initially crystallization (recrystallization)Original crystallization process is saiz changes and / or changes in the shape, without any chemical or mineralogical changes. Usually saiz will increase, but the diminution saiz may apply. Original crystallization is important in the limestone, which saiz calcite becomes larger, the texture and structure may be destroyed.
2.2 TYPES sedimentary rocksIn general, sediment or sedimentary rocks are formed in two ways, namely:1) formed in lembangan deposition or in other words it is not experiencing the transport process. Sediment sebegini recognized as autochthonous sediments. Between sediments are included in this collection is evaporit, limestone, laterite.2) undergo a process of transport, or in other words, rather than the outer regions lembangan puncanya and luluhawa process, hakisan and sediment transport is to take the deposition of the new lembangan. These sediments are called allochthonous sediments. Reuters is included in this collection is a conglomerate, volkanoklastik.In addition to the above welding, sedimentary rocks may be classified to several types, depending on the manner and process of formation. Among the major classes of sedimentary rocks is;1 - terrigenous (detrital or classless / clastic - clastic). Clastic rocks are rocks that originated puncanya than somewhere else, and have been deposited in a new lembangan after experiencing the process of transportation. Among the major rock names contained in this collection is; conglomerate or breksia, Sandstone, Stone lodak, & Shawls.2 - Sediment deposition chemistry / biochemistry (Chemical / biochemical). Chemical endapat rock is a rock formed pemendapan results than the chemical rather than the solution, or composed than life shelled carbonate minerals precipitate or bersilika or berfosfat etc. .. Between the rocks belonging to this collection is; Evaporit, carbonate sedimentary rocks (limestone and dolomite), bersilika Sedimentary rocks (chert), and organic deposition (coking).3 - Rock volkanoklastik (Volcanoclastic rocks). Rocks derived volkanoklastik than aktiviti volcano. Dust than aktiviti volcanic sediment would terendap like the others. Between the rocks in this collection is; bertuf Sandstone and agglomerates.
2.3 Classification of sedimentary rocksBased on the results of the energy mengangakut weathering / erosion, can be classified into:a. Sediment Aquatis, the sediments were deposited by water power. Example: sandbank, flood plain, natural levee, alluvial fan, delta, and so on.b. Sediment Aeolis / Aeris, the sediments were deposited by wind power. Example: sand dunes, soil loss, and so on.c. Glacial sediments, the sediments transported by glaciers labor Example: morena, drumline.Coarse particles of matter there is nothing subtle two carriage ways variety, there are compelled (trection), borne by jumping (saltion, carried in duspensi, there is also a (solution). According formation (depositional environment), sedimentary rocks divided into divided into three, namely:a. Marine sediments (marine), deposited in the sea eg limestone, dolomite, marl, and so on.b. Sediment land (teristris / continent), the process occurs on land, for example: stream sediment (alluvium), lake sediment, talus, koluvium, sediment desert (Aeolis), and so on.c. Sediment transition pembentukanya location situated between land and sea, such as silt and sediment delta marshes (limnis).Various classification and naming of sedimentary rock have been put forward by experts, both genetic and descriptive berdarkan. Genetically summed up in two groups (Pettijohn, 1975 ddan WT Huang, 1962):a. Clastic sedimentary rocksClastic sedimentary rocks are sedimentary rocks formed by the deposition process is mechanically or litifikasi rocks that have been there before. Clastic sedimentary rocks contain a lot of allogenic Minerals (minerals that formed in the sedimenasi or when sedimenasi lasts). Allogenic minerals have high durability. These minerals are derived from existing bataun which has undergone phase transport and then deposited on the environment sedimenasi. Some examples of these minerals, among others kwarasa, hornblende, biotite, plagioclase, kaolinite, montmorillonite, hydromuscovite, gypsum, chalcedony, hematite, siderite, limonite, and garnet.b. Non-clastic sedimentary rocksNon-clastic sedimentary rocks are sedimentary rocks formed by chemical processes either from solution or organic activity. In the non-clastic sedimentary rocks to get to meet a lot of Authigenic minerals (minerals that formed in the basin or the environment sedimenasi). Some examples Authigenic minerals are gypsum, anhydrite, calcite, and halite. Besides composed of minerals, sedimentary rocks are also composed of rock fragments and fossils. The crystals in sedimentary rocks also have contributed to the classification of sedimentary rocks. Classification of sedimentary rocks based on the size of crystals made by Howell and Hirschwald. Classification as follows: Makrokristalin, rock the constituent mineral crystals larger than 0.75 mm. Mesokristalin, rock the constituent mineral crystals measuring 0.2 mm to 0.75 mm. microcrystalline, rock the constituent mineral crystals measuring 0.01 mm to 0.2 mm. Kriptokristalin, rocks the size of its constituent mineral crystals lebihkecil of 0.01 mm
2.4 TEXTURE sedimentary rocksThe texture of sedimentary rocks is any appearance related to sediment grains, ranging from grain size, grain shape, up to orientation. The process of forming sedimentary rocks can be seen in the structure. Of texture, we can also interpret the sedimenasi a sedimentary rock.
2.4.1 Texture rocks clastic sedimentThe elements of the texture of clastic sedimentary rocks, is as follows: fragments, grains are larger than sand. matrix, grain size is smaller than the fragments, and filled the sidelines between the fragments, and deposited with the fragments. Cement, fine material which acts as a binder. Semen is deposited after the fragments and matrix. Semen is generally in the form of silica, calcite, sulfate, or iron oxide.To measure the size of the grains in the clastic sedimentary rocks used scale Wentworth (1922).Grain Size (mm) Item Name> 256 Blocks64-256 Brangkal4-64 gravel2-4 Gravel1-2 Sand Very Rough-1 ½ Coarse Sand¼ - ½ Sand MediumFine sand 1/8-1/41/16-1/8 Sand Very Fine1/16-1/256 siltClayWentworth ScaleThere are several factors that affect the size of the grains. These factors are as follows:a. Type of Weatheringb. Type of Transportc. Time / distance Transportd. ResistanceGrain shapeShape of the main grain sedimentary rocks are of two kinds. First, rounded (conglomerates). And both are tapered (Breccia). Level of grain roundness clastic sedimentary rocks is influenced by several factors. These factors are as follows:- The composition of the grain- Grain size- Type the transprtasi- The distance transportThe grains of minerals that are resistant will be shaped less round than the less resistant rocks. Grain size above 64 mm will be more rounded than the smaller. Distance transport effect on the level of roundness. The farther distance transport, the more round.Sorting or sortingConsists of sorting good and bad sorting.- Sorting is good, if uneven grain size or as large.- Sorting is bad, if the grain size is uneven, there are fragments and matrix.BoxedPack in clastic sedimentary rocks consist of:- Pack open, biila granules are not touching.- Pack closed, if the grains are touching.2.4.2 Texture Non-clastic sedimentary rocksIn general, non-clastic sedimentary rock composed of the mineral or commonly called monomineralik. The division of the types of textures on non-clastic sedimentary rocks usually by observing the appearance of the constituent crystals. Various textures non-clastic sedimentary rocks are as follows: Amorphous, generally sized particles such as clay or colloidal, non-crystalline Oolitik, composed of crystals that are round or ellipsoid. Colonize or gathering, grain size ranges from 0.25 mm - 2mm Pisolitik, have characteristics such oolitik, but has a larger grain size, more than 2mm Sakaroidal, consists of items that are very smooth with the same size Crystalline, composed of crystals that are largeCrystal grain size of non-clastic sedimentary rock distinguished by:- Coarse grained, with a size> 5mm- Medium grained, with a size of 1-5mm- Fine grained, with a size of <1mm br="br">
2.5 STRUCTURE sedimentary rocksIn general, the structure of sedimentary rocks are divided into 2 types• Structure Syngenetik, these structures are formed simultaneously with the formation of sedimentary rocks, often referred to as the primary structure of the rock.• Epiginetik structure, this structure is formed after the formation of thick, faults, and folds.The structure of sedimentary rocks Sygenetik classifiable into two parts, because the physical process and therefore biological processes.Due to Physical Processes1. External structure, appearance sedimentary rock structures that look as a whole in the ground. Examples of external structures, such as sheet, lens, wedge, and tabular prisms.2. Internal structure, the appearance of these structures are located on the inside of the sedimentary rocks. Various kinds of internal structure is as follows: perlapisan and LaminatesPerlapisan and laminates formed due to changes in physical, chemical, and biological. If more than 1 cm thick, it is called perlapisan. If the thickness is less than 1 cm, it is called lamination. Various kinds of laminated and perlapisan:a. Perlapisan / parallel lamination, coating / laminating arranged horizontally and are parallel to one another.b. Perlapisan / confusing cross lamination, coating / laminating intersect with each other.c. Gradaed Bedding, where the grains changed gradually. Massive, When in the sediment structure there is no appearance of the structure of the sediment.3. The appearance of the Surface Layer- Ripple Mark, wavy surface shape, because of the currents.- Flute Cast, scouring the surface layer forms due to the current activity.- Mud Cracks, cracks form in the soil layer, generally has a polygonal shape.- Rain Marks, the appearance on the surface of the sediment due to rain.4. Happens Because Deformation Structures- Load Cast, resulting indentation on the surface layers due to the existing load on it.- Convolute Structure, canting in sedimentary rocks due to the deformation process.- Sandstone Dike and Siil, arises because the sand can be injected in the sedimentary layers above it.Because biological processes- Traces (Track and Trail)Track, a trail tread in the form of the organism. While Trail is a trail in the form of dragging the body of organisms.- Excavation (Burrow)Hole is a result of akitivitas organisms.- Mold (Cast and Mold)Mold is an organism of the body mold. While the cast is a mold from Mold.
STRUCTURE 2.6 SedimentStudy of Sediment structure is best done in the field (Pettijohn, 1975), can be grouped into three types of structures, namely:
1. Primary Sedimentary StructuresThis structure is a structure formed by sedimentary processes may reflect mechanization sedimenasi deposition. Examples like perlapisan, gelembur wave, perlapisan cross maze, konvolut, perlapisan composite, and others. (Suhartono, 1996: 47)The primary structure is a structure that is formed when the deposition process and when the flow or igneous rock cools and no visible outcrops. The primary structure is important as a determinant of the position or orientation of the origin of the rocks are exposed, especially in sedimentary rocks.Structure formed during the deposition process is underway, including a layer of horizontal (flat bedding), cross-layer, laminated and cross laminated micro (micro-crosslamination), is the appearance of ripples. (Mohamed, 2007).2. Sediment Secondary StructureStructure formed after the sedimenasi, before or at the time diagenesa. Also reflect the state of the environment of deposition as the ground state, the slope and the environment organisnya. Among other things: weight, wrinkle fracturing, animal tracks.3. Sediment Organic StructureStructure formed by the activity of organisms, such as mollusk, worm or other animals. Among other things: skeletons, laminated growth.
2.7 INSTRUCTIONS sedimentary rocks1 - The presence perlapisan or Stratification2 - The structure of the sediments above satah or in perlapisan3 - Terjumpanya fossil4 - The presence of grains that have undergone the process of transport (class)5 - The presence of a random mineral sediments (glaukonit, chamosite)

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The process of metamorphosis Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes are very annoying. In addition to making trouble sleeping, he also brings a lot of illnesses. This time we will discuss Mosquito Metamorphosis. The main enemy of the people that cause various diseases and the most dangerous is Dengue Fever. The following pictures were made by the Burrard-Lucas' brothers photography (www.burrard-lucas.com) describes the mosquitoes appear out of the water until it flew into the air. Memutuhkan This process takes about 5 minutes. Mosquitoes, which measure about 16 mm will be live for 1 month.
Life cycle: the first moments in the life of newly hatched adult mosquitoes captured macro images taken by photographer brothers Will and Matt Burrard Lucas
Slowly emerging from the water, for five minutes mosquito gradually adjusts to life in the outside world
Close-up: Mosquitoes turn into adults during the pupal stage after it emerged from the water
Measuring up to 16mm long, mosquitoes live anywhere up to a month

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Frog Metamorphosis Stage Process / Toads

Metamorphosis is a process of change experienced by Anura (and also on the type urodela amphibians and Caecilia). Metamorphosis from egg begins and ends in adulthood. As they left the egg shape, amphibians have intentions larvae (tadpoles). Currently there is a change of anatomy, diet, and lifestyle, slowly from the initial stage, which is fully in the water to the animals that have adapted to life on land. European common frog develops from egg to adult in about 16 weeks.

Silus live frog

    Phase eggs
Frog egg covered with jelly-like capsule that expands when it hits the water. This development makes the volume is enlarged and the fetus protected. These eggs are stacked in a pile so that survival is more awake and more able to withstand the heat well. Consequently tadpoles can hatch in a short time. Many frogs and toads using a dry lake or river in the period, as it prevents the animals come to eat their eggs and tadpoles.

    Tadpole stage (3 days)
The tadpole has a big head and upright. There gills and mouth open to eat. Gills out came three days after the tadpoles out of the egg
Tadpole age of 10 days
    Advanced tadpole stage (4 weeks)
Gills outer skin is closed and replaced by the gills. They eat algae. Hind legs appeared.

    The second change (6 weeks)
Tadpole is starting to look like a tiny frog with a long tail. They swim in the river in groups. The tail was then shortened and begin shaped like a boomerang.

    Changes in the second follow-up (9 weeks)
A kind of networking and sharing form the heart atrium. Consequently heart now has three rooms, which helps the flow of blood between the heart and lungs.

    Further modification third (16 weeks)
Tadpoles have strong hind legs. Her eyes have also been prominent. Its tail is very short.

    Rana esculenta, the edible frog
    Last Change
Adult frogs gather on the banks of the river before leaving the water for the first time. They do it in groups.

    Mother and father toad
Although survival instincts are not well developed Anura, frogs and toads are also caring for their children. They lay eggs in large numbers to make sure there is a lot of tadpoles can escape from predators that eat the eggs. Gelatin coating also protects the eggs from other predators. Some types of frogs and even nurture their children by making their own backs as a nest. Examples of such frog is a frog Suriname.

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Butterfly metamorphosis

Metamorphosis is the process of a caterpillar into a new animal (perfect phase) is a butterfly. In the process occurs quite long and namum simple. First start ari eggs in place by a butterfly on a leaf (usually orange tree leaves or may be other trees) that aims eventually leaves can be worm food until reaching adulthood after it was time to pupa / chrysalis and the few days will be a new butterfly.
► EGG
The eggs will hatch between 3-5 days, the larvae would walk to the edge of the leaves of the host plant and start eating it. Some larvae consume an empty egg shell as its first meal outside of larval skin does not stretch to follow growth, but when it became very tight larvae will molt.
LARVA (WORM)
► After hatching larvae will feed Most larvae consume an empty egg shell as its first meal. The outer shell of the larva does not stretch to follow growth, but when it became very tight larvae will molt.
► The number of skin change during the life of the larvae are generally 4-6 times, and the period between the turn of the skin (molting) called instars.
► butterfly larvae vary in shape, but the majority of cylindrical shape, and sometimes memepunyai hair, spines, tubercles or filaments.
► When the larvae reach maximum growth, the larvae stop eating, running to find shelter nearby, attach themselves to twigs or leaves with woven threads. The larvae have entered the phase of the skin and release prepupa last time to form a pupa.
Pupa (chrysalis)
► Phase pupa when viewed from the outside as the rest period, whereas in the pupa the process of formation of the perfect insect. Pupa is generally hard, smooth and form a structure without a limb. In general, the pupa is green, brown or color according to its surroundings. (Camouflage). Formation in the butterfly pupa usually lasts for 7-20 days depending on the species
Butterfly
► Once out of the pupa, the butterfly will crawl to the top so that the wings are weak, wrinkled and slightly damp can hang down and expand normally. As soon as the wings dry, fluffy and strong, the wings will open and close several times and attempted to fly.
► Phase butterfly imago or adult stage is
BEHAVIOR BUTTERFLY:
The butterfly is an insect activity during the day, at night the butterflies will rest and terlindungan leaf trees.
during the active growing butterfly flying and foraging activity and production. Foraging activities carried out on their own but often seem male butterflies and Batina fly in pairs and in time will do copulation.
Furthermore parent butterflies will lay their eggs on their host plants. ranges of butterfly wings will terbamg little low between 10 cm-2 m. While the butterfly wing span larger fly higher up to ± 10 m. On the foraging activity, butterflies will alight on the flowers and stuck probosisnya.

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