Lighting

There are 2 main types of lighting are often used by photographers, namely:High Key is a scene that looks more inclined to bright. The effects of high key lighting is relatively little a shadow, but it is important also some dark parts as that is not an indication that the high key over exposed.Low Key is the opposite, just the part - the part that subjects given sufficient light, while the - the other in the dark shadows. It often happens also to get the misconception that low key effect is to make the under-exposed, the correct ratio is the ratio between dark and light.Lighting has several functions, among others:Key Light, is the main source of light for a certain character somewhere in the scene. If the object moves then use some key lightFill Light, aim to fill (fill) the shadows caused by the key light. Because it must be avoided in order not to give rise to a new shadow, it is usually placed near the camera. Fill light can also use a soft light source. The quality of the soft light that does not cause a shadow to give freedom in the placement.Back Light, placed above or behind the object to shed light on the head or over the shoulder.In the lighting is sometimes necessary special effects. Another light effect that is often used is Eye Light, a small lamp with a strong light placed near the camera. Because the light is weak then he raises the fill light in the eyes of the actor, as well as its reflection would make her eyes sparkle. Last is the background light or light set, to give light on the wall or furniture.











LIGHTING (TATA LIGHT staging)
 I. Definition
            One important element is the theatrical lighting or lighting. Lighting is a lighting equipment arrangement, in this case is, to illuminate the stage to support the staging. Therefore, in the absence of light, the staging will not be visible. In general that is a function of the lighting. In theater, the lighting is divided into two:1. Lighting the lighting. That is only a function of lighting that illuminates the stage with its elements and the performance can be seen.2. Lighting the lighting. That fungsu lighting as an element of artistic performances, where beneficial to creating and supporting atmosphere in accordance with the demands of the script.
 II. The elements of the lighting.
            Within lighting there are some key elements that must be considered, such as:1. Availability of equipment and supplies. Namely the availability of sufficient lighting, cables, holders and some related equipment and electrical lighting. There is no standard for sure how much of the equipment, it all depends on the script needs to be staged.2. The layout and the focal point. The layout is the placement of the lights, while the focal point is the area of ​​the fall of light. In general, the placement of the lights in the play is over and from the front of the stage, so the focus point right on the stage area. In theory, the angle of placement and focus on the most effective titk was 450 on stage. But once again it all depends on the needs of the script. Another theory says ideally, Lighiting in a play (any kind of staging it) tatacahaya should illuminate every part of the stage, from the front, and back, up and down, left and right, and the middle section.3. Color balance. The point is the use of color harmony of light is needed. This means, lightingman must have knowledge of colors.4. Mastery of the tools and supplies. That is lightingman should have an understanding of the nature of light character of lighting fixtures. Tata is associated with the electric light, then you have to be careful if you're serving a light setter or the lighting.5. Understanding the manuscript. That is lightingman must understand the text which will be staged. In addition, it must understand the purpose and way of thinking director as 'supreme ruler' in the play.In a play, everyone plays an equal importance to each other. If one part is interrupted, it will disrupt the whole production process. Similarly, the "artisan lighting '. He also became an important part besides the director and actors, as well as make-up, stage manager, and other elements. In other words, lightingman must also have the same discipline with all the supporting performances.From the above, all of which can be achieved by learning about lighting and other supporting elements.
 III. The term in the lighting.1. light: light source, there are many, different types, such as the par 38, halogen, spot, follow light, focus light, etc..2. holder: lamp holder.3. Cable: electrically conductive.4. Dimmer: tool to adjust the light intensity.5. play light: light that serves to illuminate the stage as a whole.6. foot light: light to illuminate the bottom of the stage.7. wing light: light to illuminate the side of the stage.8. front light: light to illuminate the stage from the front.9. back light: lighting to illuminate the back of the stage, usually placed at the back of the stage.10. silhouette light: light to form silhouette on a backdrop.11. upper light: light to menerang the center of the stage, usually placed directly above the stage.12. tools: lighting support equipment, such as circuit breaker (fuse), pliers, scissors, insulators, solder, hammer, tespen, cutter, avometer, switch, stopcontact, jumpers, etc..13. series of light, which is installed in series or individually. (1 channel 1 lamp)14. parallel light, which is installed in parallel (1 channel some lights).
 As previously disclosed above, the simple things are what generally should be known by lightingman, then whether or not tatacahaya depends on understanding, experience and creativity of lightingman. Bottom line, if you want to be 'true lightingman', you have a lot to learn and try (trial and error).






PRINCIPLES ORGANIZATION OF LIGHTThe course reviews the theory in terms of light and a staging mencahayakan benefits. Pedestal given to the following:• The function and quality of light• Aspects of the light rekabentuk• The principle of electrically; recognize shapes series and parallel and use Ohm's law to solve the problem of currents, obstacles, Voltan and energy.• optical aspect - namely aspects of reflection and refraction of light in a variety of surface types and characteristics reflector of light refraction.• The type and function of the lights used in theater• The use color in a staging that includes about color theory and color guard• System pemalap [dimmer system] - manual and memory• Creating a 'light plot' and form 'lighting cues'
 10 TRICKS APPLICATIONS COLOR1. Application of bright colors on the outside of one of the elements, such as the red brick on the fence, into the accent for the entire house.2. Neutral colors for the facade of the building is better, but if you want to use a bright wana, apply in only one field.3. The combination of brown with green color can make a room more serene atmosphere.4. Light gray and green-brown able to bring brightness in the room.5. In the room that looks monotonous color, add artificial light so that the room is more "live".6. The colors are soft and dim artificial light that can provide warmth and familiarity atmosphere in living rooms and bedrooms.7. Game wall with natural color will make the room more spacious.8. Color natural wall different in each space will create a different atmosphere for each space.9. Red brick fences, walls dark gray, and gray-brown walls make the house look more dynamic.10. To eliminate dark impression in the bathroom, use a cream-colored ceramic on the walls and white on the floor.Elements of decor also utilizes light to help a certain atmosphere. For example, bright light during the day implies, or light blue implies ambience evening. Light color is also used to accentuate the particular scene or character.





Lighting FunctionIn general, lighting serves to establish the situation, motion actors shine, and refine the expression for the creation of the character actor. Thus, the public's imagination to a particular situation, the tragic, the sublime, the escape from the everyday world or specific illumination.In particular, lighting can serve to1. Make choices for everything shownIt is very important for the light is able to act on the stage to let the audience be able to see comfortably and clearly. What looks will depend on a number of lighting, size of the object that is highlighted light, some objects the reflected light, the contrast with the background, and the distance of the object and the observer.2. Reveal shapesIf a staging of the play highlighted by ordinary light, then the cast, and equipment (property), and all parts of skeneri will appear flat or flat, uninteresting. Here does not appear sharp rays (high-light), no shadows, and monotony. In order for the affected objects visible light with reasonable shape, then the spread of high-beam should have a low degree of illumination that provides diversity yield difference between high and low-level lighting it.Disclosure forms essentially enhanced by the lighting. Angle and direction of light falling light special, to be mixed together carefully to produce a balanced exposure to the existing difference between the shadows and the shadows. Contrast and color diversity are also the parts that have to be distinguished so as to attract the attention of the audience.3. make a reasonable pictureIn the function, also including artificial light natural light create a picture that gives instructions on a day-to-day, local time, and season.4. a compositionComposing with light is the same as using light as a design element. This is related to the need skeneri, which objects should be highlighted with a low intensity / high until berkomposisi good, shadow patterns should also be considered.5. create an atmosphere (heart / soul)With the light settings is expected to create a feeling or mood including psychiatric effects created by the cast, supported by light.
 Kinds of LightLights can not stand alone in the lights, but the obligation to chime in with electric wires as a conductor of electricity, as the lamp holder and dimmer as the light controller.In general, there are three kinds of light, ie1. general light bulbs, types of ordinary light, work light, and light "flood"2. special light bulbs, types of spot lights, such as "ellipsoidal", "lekolites", "spherical", and "mirror"3. mixed light bulbs, types of light strips, such as lampi border, footlights, light "backing", light siklorama
 Three kinds of lamps that have individual character. Light bulbs light scatter properties, caused by light emitted from the lamp is reflected only through the light penetrates the glass reflector lamp. While the types of special lamps, light emitted from a lamp as reflected by the reflector and then refracted through the lens. Refraction through the lens causes the light beam integrated and out sharply. In its mix of light such as public lighting, just after the light reflected by the reflector and then refracted through the glass, colorful lights, one light one color, usually red, green, white or amber.


Several types of lamps specifically described below.1. common light bulbs2. mixed light lamp (strip)3. special light bulbs (fresnellites)4. special light bulbs (lekolites) (see Appendix 1)
 Types of lighting according to the instructions in size, tipoe terapat three different lenses.a. convex lens spot light1. lens of 20 cm 1000-2000 watts2. 9 cm lens 500-1000 watts3. 250-400 watt 7.5 cm lensb. lens spot light step (fresnell)1. lens of 21/24 cm 5000 watts2. lens 12.5 / 18 cm 2000 watts3. Lens 12 cm 1000-2000 watts4. 9 cm lens 250-750 watts5. 4.5 cm 100 wattc. 1. 18 cm 300-5000 10-120 watt beam2. 12 cm 1000-2000 20-240 watt beam3. 12 cm 250-750 15-180 watt beam4. 18 cm 250-750 26-340 watt beam5. 18 cm 300-5000 10-450 watt beam (see attachment)Means of Controlling LightMeans of controlling the lights in essence there are four important things, namely1. intensityTo control the light from light to dark or dark to light is usually used a device called a dimmer. With this tool, each unit diapsang lights on stage can be controlled from full lighting, slowly receding, to death at all, and vice versa. Which determines the intensity of the stage lights also powers other than dimmer lights (watt) and the dimensions of the lamp housing.A stylist can adjust the intensity of light required for the highest individual stage desired area lighting. Each and TIPA dimmer channels can be used to give balance cahay intensity from each source. Ideally it is expected that skeneri (atmosphere gestures on stage) every scene can be generated from each lighting source. The next scene may be composed of different lighting arrangement results in intensity although it is often used in the same channel dimmer.
 2. colorColor is also an important role as a means of controlling the intensity of light. In the advanced technologies that have long used the intensity of the electric light as a light main stage, in the XV century not only distinguish light intensity between comedy and tragedy, but also distinguish light wana order. Warm colors used for komdei light, while cool colors are used to light the tragedy. The conception of the color so it's still in general and is still widely used until the present, but also a lot of light colors surprises cleverly created the challenge.Use light colors on the stage is very attractive because of its unique properties. On the one hand, it has properties measuring objective therefore is certain, for example, the light source, the power of the lamp, the lamp housing, or filter media (filter) the color, everything is uncertain. But the highlight color when the light bounces off the object or the cast of the hit highlight, reflected color to the eyes of the audience that could change.On the other hand, the subjective nature of color have or have psychological factors as the willingness of the director is more interested in the reflection of the colors of the actors in the eyes of the audience. Thus, the required proficiency pleasure for an artist of light to process objketif factors and subjective. Not only required in-depth knowledge, but also mature experience to get the best results.
 3. distributionDistribution is the density, distribution, and direction of light. This would correspond well with the extent of the amount of light, the extent of the number of types of lighting fixtures, and the placement of the light position. Quality of especially light distribution provided by each type of equipment (special light bulbs or light bulbs general), the size of the light is determined by the use of dimmers, sharp or soft line is determined by the angle of light coming of light into the target, and so forth. Each of these tools depends on its type form different lighting effects. The locus of the lights were directed by kemamuan the lighting based on the plot of light (light plot). Bright light is directed to it, the light dim in point here, and so are all geared toward a target and arranged compositions platis and visual effect.There are three light distribution control devices are interconnected, ie1. general lighting control device that produces light scatter2. controlling device that has a special lamp light mengempal, and3. control devices that are in range of colors of light that highlighted the same object surface.Facts prove that skeneri, costumes, equipment, and even the makeup of the cast has the ability to absorb various hand and reflect light bulbs that need to be considered. It is very important to be taken into account in the distribution of light in a peemntasan. Even an actor who moves onstage merubahj light distribution can be calculated if not before. This is caused by the entire body, costumes, and equipment brought aadalah reflective as part of another set.
 4. movementMovement, namely changes in one or more of the quality of light. Light movement can occur because of several things:1. The movement is deliberately light-driven stage crew (manual) to follow the movements of actors (usually called the follow spot).2. Movement lights set mechanically (widely used disco lights).3. Movement bristling light (dim down) and menerang (dim up), the trend setting movement dimmer lights through tools that handle only be possible through stem mechanical or electrical devices.Only with modern electronic devices, it can be implemented. One operator control lamp (manual) can handle no more than three or four resistance (resistance) or autotransformer found on the hands (handle) dimmer and that too located in adjacent groups. Movement of light when the show is running must be done carefully. If not, feared to be misleading and escape the dramatic values ​​to be achieved.Moreover, the operator who controls the lights with lamps must have a full view of the stage. With demikia, he can coordinate the movements of light or the light changes with his movements. Movement lights will provide the quality of light dynamic range of performances if he follows the patterns of good composition that is based on the value of a sense of poetry, music, visual and performance levels (think theater).





Lighting Installation Steps1. Before installing the lights, must first understand the scenario of the drama to be staged. Once understood, you will get the stage movements. Thus it can be seen that the areas used in the staging.2. Sketch the movement of the actors from the scenarios that will be staged!3. Determine the light plot of the focus areas is used.4. Choose colors from the lights as needed scenario.5. After that, make the lighting layout design follows the flow of electricity through wires, including parallel or series.6. Check lights to be used following holder and cord. Make sure everything is in good condition. Do not check the lights in a state set up on stage. We recommend that you check under the stage.7. Once everything is in a certain condition, increase the light and focus.8. Take also skenerinya so in sharpening or peremangan light can result in accordance with the conditions desired dramatic director.9. Try the following with the cast shadow properties that can be determined in accordance with the atmosphere of dramatic director.10. Do the rehearsal before the performance begins. Evaluation and reform. Good luck! (See attachment)

REFERENCES
 (Downloaded from http://theater.harvard.edu/jobs/ld on August 21, 2005 at 1:00 pm)(Downloaded from www.artangela.com/ images / photo / on August 21, 2005 at 1:00 pm)(Image downloaded from http://www.dekalb.k12.ga.us/ ~ druidhills / uhry / uhrytheater.html on August 21, 2005 at 1:00 pm)(Image downloaded from http://www.theyrecoming.com/leigh/portfolio/lighting/ParadoxGuardsCell.shtml on August 21, 2005 at 1:00 pm)(Image downloaded www.unclejeff.org/ Quills.html of the August 21, 2005 at 1:00 pm)Padmodarmaya, Pramana. 1988. Procedures and Techniques Pentas. Jakarta: Central LibrarySupriyanto, Henri. 1986. Introduction to Theatre Studies. Surabaya: KOPMA IKIP Surabaya